Table 4 Determinants of suboptimal birth spacing among women of reproductive age in Adama district, Central Ethiopia, 2023

Educational status of the mother

No formal education

2.9 (1.5–5.9) *

1.3 (1.2–1.7) ***

Primary

1.3 (1.5–4.8) *

1.1 (0.8–3.9)

Secondary

1.1 (1.5–5.9) *

0.9 (0.9–3.7)

Diploma and above

1

1

Wealth index

Lower quartile

1.6 (1.4–1.8) *

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

Medium quartile

1.4 (1.0-1.9)

1.4 (0.6–1.4)

Highest quartile

1

1

ANC Follow-up

Yes

1.84 (1.1–2.9) *

1.35(0.9–3.5)

No

1

1

Use of modern contraceptives

Yes

1

1

No

3.8 (2.51-5.0) *

3.0(1.9–4.2) ****

Knowledge of optimal birth space

Inadequate

3.0 (2.1–4.2)

2.6(1.8–3.9) ****

Adequate

1

1

Survival status of the index child

Dead

1.3 (0.8–2.1) *

1.2 (0.6–2.3)

Alive

1

1

Sex of the index child

Male

1

1

Female

1.7 (1.4.2.7) *

1.6 (1.1–2.5) **

Duration of breastfeeding

< 24 months

2.6 (1.8–3.8) *

2.3 (1.5–3.4) ****

≥ 24 months

1

1