Table 4 Demographic and clinical data of 257 women without pelvic pain undergoing hysterectomy in relation to de novo pelvic pain one year post-surgery

De novo pelvic pain

Logistic regression *

Yes (n=16)

No (n=241)

Univariate OR (95% CI)

Multivariable † aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Preoperative variables

Age (years)

45.8 (7.8)

47.4 (5.3)

0.95 (0.87-1.04)

0.97 (0.88-1.06)

0.47

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.5 (5.0)

26.8 (4.5)

1.03 (0.93-1.15)

1.03 (0.92-1.16)

0.59

Parous

12 (75.0)

211 (87.6)

0.38 (0.12-1.28)

0.30 (0.08-1.14)

0.08

Missing data

0 (0.0)

3 (1.2)

Smoking

2 (12.5)

20 (8.3)

1.54 (0.33-7.24)

1.50 (0.30-7.53)

0.63

Missing data

0 (0.0)

6 (2.5)

ASA physical status classification I

I

7 (43.8)

155 (64.3)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

II-III

9 (56.2)

86 (35.7)

2.32 (0.83-6.44)

2.90 (0.92-9.09)

0.07

Comorbidity

Cardiovascular

3 (18.9)

41 (17.0)

1.13 (0.31-4.13)

1.31 (0.31-5.55)

0.72

Pulmonary

4 (25.0)

23 (9.5)

3.16 (0.94-10.60)

2.89 (0.79-10.54)

0.12

Medication

Analgesics

2 (12.5)

35 (14.5)

0.84 (0.28-3.86)

0.68 (0.13-3.39)

0.63

Anti-depressives or sedatives

5 (31.3)

33 (13.7)

2.87 (0.94-8.77)

1.68 (0.46-6.16)

0.43

Hypnotics

1 (6.3)

12 (5.0)

1.27 (0.15-10.75)

0.44 (0.04-4.72)

0.49

Physical workload

Sedentary

4 (25.0)

65 (27.0)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Medium

4 (25.0)

72 (29.9)

0.90 (0.22-3.76)

0.92 (0.21-4.10)

0.91

Heavy

8 (50.0)

94 (39.0)

1.38 (0.40-4.78)

1.30 (0.35-4.78)

0.70

Missing data

0 (0.0)

10 (4.1)

Gainfully employed

15 (93.8)

226 (93.8)

1.00 (0.12-8.05)

3.20 (0.28-37.16)

0.35

Previous laparotomy

2 (12.5)

83 (34.4))

0.27 (0.06-1.19)

0.24 (0.05-1.13)

0.07

Missing data

0 (0.0)

4 (1.7)

Indication for hysterectomy

Bleeding disorder

7 (43.8)

52 (21.6)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Myoma

5 (31.2)

119 (49.4)

0.31 (0.09-1.03)

0.25 (0.65-0.93)

0.04

Myoma and bleeding

1 (6.2)

32 (13.3)

0.23 (0.03-1.98)

0.20 (0.02-1.91)

0.16

Cervical dysplasia

2 (12.5)

30 (12.4)

0.50 (0.10-2.54)

0.60 (0.11-3.28)

0.55

Pain

1 (6.3)

6 (2.5)

1.24 (0.13-11.86)

0.93 (0.08-10.52)

0.96

Other

0 (0.0)

2 (0.8)

NA

NA

Number of pain areas on body-mapping

9.8 (5.6)

4.4 (6.0)

1.09 (1.03-1.16)

1.15 (1.05-1.27)

<0.01

How often did you have pain preoperatively

No pain

0 (0.0)

68 (28.2)

p=0.06‡

NA

Rarely

2 (12.5)

15 (6.2)

2.17 (0.36-12.95)

2.54 (0.38-16.95)

0.34

Sometimes

4 (25.0)

65 (27.0)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Often

3 (18.7)

51 (21.2)

0.96 (0.20-4.46)

0.91 (0.17-4.83)

0.91

Almost always/ always

5 (31.3)

33 (13.7)

2.46 (0.62-9.79)

2.59 (0.53-12.63)

0.24

Missing data

2 (12.5)

9 (3.7)

Average intensity of preoperative pain (VAS scale 1-10)

(n =14) 4.6 (2.8)

(n = 6) 2.9 (2.6)

1.27 (1.04-1.55)

1.28 (1.01-1.62)

0.04

Regional pain areas

Head

6 (37.5)

60 (24.9)

1.81 (0.64-5.19)

1.59 (0.50-5.01)

0.43

Neck and shoulder

11 (68.8)

72 (29.9)

5.16 (1.73-15.40)

4.66 (1.46-14.87)

<0.01

Chest

1 (6.3)

8 (3.3)

1.94 (0.23-16.56)

1.65 (0.17-16.26)

0.67

Abdomen

6 (37.5)

67 (27.8)

1.56 (0.54-4.46)

1.39 (0.46-4.21)

0.57

Thoracic back

3 (18.8)

19 (7.9)

2.70 (0.71-10.30)

2.88 (0.66-12.58)

0.16

Lower back

11 (68.8)

79 (32.8)

4.51 (1.52-13.43)

4.24 (1.37-13.17)

0.01

Upper extremities

6 (37.5)

39 (16.2)

3.11 (1.07-9.05)

4.24 (1.18-15.30)

0.03

Lower extremities

9 (56.3)

54 (22.4)

4.45 (1.58-12.51)

5.23 (1.63-16.79)

<0.01

HADS-A score

7.3 (4.9)

4.7 (4.0)

1.15 (1.03-1.29)

1.10 (0.93-1.29)

0.27

HADS-A (in categories)

Normal

7 (43.8)

190 (78.8)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Borderline abnormal

4 (25.0)

27 (11.2)

4.02 (1.10-14.65

4.94 (1.20-20.28)

0.03

Abnormal

5 (21.2)

24 (10.0)

5.65 (1.66-19.22)

10.61 (1.84-61.03)

<0.01

HADS-D score

4.3 (3.1)

2.4 (3.1)

1.16 (1.02-1.31)

1.06 (0.88-1.29)

0.53

HADS-D (in categories)

Normal

14 (87.5)

217 (90.1)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Borderline abnormal

1 (6.2)

16 (6.6)

0.97 (0.12-7.84)

0.25 (0.02-3.11)

0.28

Abnormal

1 (6.2)

8 (3.3)

1.94 (0.23-16.60)

0.54 (0.04-7.15)

0.64

SCI score

177.8 (32.5)

185.6 (26.7)

0.99 (0.97-1.01)

1.01 (0.98-1.03)

0.56

SCI (in categories)

Low stress coping

7 (43.8)

63 (26.1)

2.20 (0.79-6.15)

0.95 (0.25-3.63)

0.94

High stress coping

9 (56.2)

178 (73.9)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

SF-36 PCS

44.8 (13.7)

49.8 (8.1)

0.94 (0.90-0.99)

0.95 (0.89-1.00)

0.06

SF-36 MCS

42.7 (10.9)

48.2 (10.1)

0.96 (0.92-0.99)

0.99 (0.93-1.06)

0.79

EQ-5D-3L health index

0.63 (0.26)

0.84 (0.18)

0.03 (0.00-0.19)

0.02 (0.00-0.32)

<0.01

Heat pain threshold (ºC)

(n = 14) 47.7 (2.1)

(n = 213) 47.6 (2.5)

1.01 (0.81-1.26)

1.06 (0.83-1.37)

0.62

Cold pain threshold (ºC)

(n = 14) 3.4 (6.3)

(n = 213) 2.9 (5.6)

1.01 (0.93-1.11)

1.01 (0.92-1.12)

0.78

Pressure pain threshold (kPa)

(n = 14) 470 (188)

(n = 212) 517 (199)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.41

Intra- and postoperative variables

Mode of hysterectomy

Total abdominal

10 (62.5)

169 (70.1)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Subtotal abdominal

2 (12.5)

21 (8.7)

1.61 (0.33-7.85)

1.51 (0.28-8.24)

0.63

Vaginal

4 (25.0)

51 (21.2)

1.33 (0.40-4.41)

1.06 (0.30-3.77)

0.93

Mode of anesthesia

GA

8 (50.0)

86 (35.7)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

SA + IM

4 (25.0)

83 (34.4)

0.52 (0.15-1.79)

0.60 (0.16-2.28)

0.46

GA + IM

4 (25.0)

72 (29.9)

0.60 (0.17-2.06)

0.67 (0.18-2.47)

0.54

Incision in abdominal wall**

Low transverse

12 (75.0)

169 (71.3)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

Midline

0 (0.0)

17 (7.2)

p=0.60‡

NA

Operation time (minutes)

89.6 (33.4)

91.6 (41.9)

1.00 (0.99-1.01)

1.00 (0.98-1.01)

0.89

Estimated bleeding intraoperatively (mL)

157 (162)

182 (250)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.67

Uterus weight (gram)

387 (456)

384 (377)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.88

Blood transfusion (no. of women)

1 (6.2)

10 (4.1)

1.54 (0.18-12.84)

2.12 (0.16-28.30)

0.57

Duration of hospital stay (days)

2.3 (0.9)

1.7 (0.9)

1.40 (0.98-1.99)

1.50 (1.02-2.21)

0.04

Maximum pain intensity day 0 ^§ (scale 0-6)

(n=16) 3.4 (1.4)

(n=237) 3.2 (1.7)

1.08 (0.80-1.46)

1.03 (0.74-1.42)

0.79

Maximum pain intensity day 1 ^§ (scale 0-6)

(n=16) 3.6 (1.2)

(n=238) 3.00 (1.4)

1.33 (0.92-1.94)

1.36 (0.89-2.06

0.15

Classification of surgical complications

C-D grade 0

12 (74.0)

179 (74.3)

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

C-D grade I

1 (6.2)

22 (9.1)

0.67 (0.08-5.41)

0.63 (0.07-5.59)

0.68

C-D grades II-III

3 (18.8)

40 (16.6)

1.11 (0.30-4.10)

1.03 (0.27-3.98)

0.97