Table 1 Study sample characteristics at baseline
Nonparticipants (N = 302) | Intervention (N = 495) | Total (N = 797) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age* | |||
Mean (SD) | 43.6 (14.4) | 40.2 (9.45) | 41.5 (11.7) |
Median [Min, Max] | 42.0 [18.0, 78.0] | 38.0 [21.0, 73.0] | 39.0 [18.0, 78.0] |
Pain in the last 24 h* | |||
Mean (SD) | 48.8 (19.9) | 43.8 (17.3) | 45.7 (18.5) |
Median [Min, Max] | 50.0 [20.0, 100] | 42.0 [20.0, 100] | 45.0 [20.0, 100] |
General Health* | |||
Poor | 4 (1.3%) | 6 (1.2%) | 10 (1.3%) |
Fair | 66 (21.9%) | 62 (12.5%) | 128 (16.1%) |
Good | 140 (46.4%) | 227 (45.9%) | 367 (46.0%) |
Very good | 74 (24.5%) | 147 (29.7%) | 221 (27.7%) |
Excellent | 15 (5.0%) | 35 (7.1%) | 50 (6.3%) |
Race & Ethnicity* | |||
White | 159 (52.6%) | 335 (67.7%) | 494 (62.0%) |
Black or African American | 78 (25.8%) | 50 (10.1%) | 128 (16.1%) |
Asian | 9 (3.0%) | 24 (4.8%) | 33 (4.1%) |
Other Single and Multiple Races | 54 (17.9%) | 69 (13.9%) | 123 (15.4%) |
Marriage Status* | |||
Married or Living with Partner | 170 (56.3%) | 388 (78.4%) | 558 (70.0%) |
Widowed, Divorced, Separated, or Never Married | 130 (43.0%) | 91 (18.4%) | 221 (27.7%) |
Employment Status* | |||
Working (for pay, not for pay) | 183 (60.6%) | 427 (86.3%) | 610 (76.5%) |
Not working, Student, Retired, or Other | 117 (38.7%) | 50 (10.1%) | 167 (21.0%) |
Education* | |||
Less than High School, High School, Some College or Associate Degree | 165 (54.6%) | 155 (31.3%) | 320 (40.2%) |
Bachelor, Master, or Doctorate Degree | 135 (44.7%) | 324 (65.5%) | 459 (57.6%) |
Conservative healthcare use* (appointments with a doctor, physical therapist, orthopedic surgeon, or imaging) | |||
No | 106 (35.1%) | 217 (43.8%) | 323 (40.5%) |
Yes | 191 (63.2%) | 168 (33.9%) | 359 (45.0%) |
Non-conservative healthcare use* (overnight stay in a hospital, emergency room visit, injections, or surgery) | |||
No | 106 (35.1%) | 365 (73.7%) | 471 (59.1%) |
Yes | 48 (15.9%) | 24 (4.8%) | 72 (9.0%) |
Pain Duration* | |||
Less than 1 year | 68 (22.5%) | 177 (35.8%) | 245 (30.7%) |
1–2 years | 80 (26.5%) | 113 (22.8%) | 193 (24.2%) |
More than 3 years | 154 (51.0%) | 188 (38.0%) | 342 (42.9%) |
Moderate/Severe Anxiety* | |||
No | 159 (52.6%) | 334 (67.5%) | 493 (61.9%) |
Yes | 142 (47.0%) | 154 (31.1%) | 296 (37.1%) |
Moderate/Severe Depression* | |||
No | 199 (65.9%) | 394 (79.6%) | 593 (74.4%) |
Yes | 102 (33.8%) | 94 (19.0%) | 196 (24.6%) |