Table 2 Associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy, birthweight z-scores, breastfeeding duration, and time to natural menopause in daughters (imputed sample)

Maternal smoking in pregnancy (reference: no smoking)

-0.29 (-0.34, -0.24) ¹

0.90 (0.79, 1.02)

0.66 (0.59, 0.73) ¹

1.13 (1.01, 1.26) ¹

Birthweight z-score

1.05 (0.98, 1.12)

1.06 (1.00, 1.12) ²

0.96 (0.91, 1.01) ²

Breastfed < 1 month (reference: never)

0.99 (0.86, 1.15) ³

Breastfed 1month + (reference: never)

0.84 (0.74, 0.96) ³

BCS70

(n = 3,878, followed-up to age 46 years)

Birthweight z-score

Breastfed < 1 month reference: (never)

Breastfed 1 + months reference: (never)

Daughter’s experience of natural menopause

reference: no (incl. pre-, peri-, surgical menopause, HT)

β (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Maternal smoking in pregnancy (reference: no smoking)

-0.32 (-0.40, -0.24) ¹

0.82 (0.66, 1.01)

0.62 (0.51, 0.75) ¹

1.21 (0.97, 1.51) ¹

Birthweight z-score

1.03 (0.93, 1.14)

1.07 (0.98, 1.17) ²

1.00 (0.90, 1.10) ²

Breastfed < 1 month (reference: never)

0.91 (0.66, 1.27) ³

Breastfed 1month + (reference: never)

0.47 (0.33, 0.68) ³

NCDS

(n = 4,822, followed-up to age 50 years)

Birthweight z-score

Breastfed < 1 month reference: (never)

Breastfed 1 + months reference: (never)

Daughter’s experience of natural menopause

reference: no (incl. pre-, peri-, surgical menopause, HT)

β (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

RRR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Maternal smoking in pregnancy (reference: no smoking)

-0.27 (-0.34, -0.20) ¹

0.99 (0.84, 1.17)

0.71 (0.61, 0.83) ¹

1.10 (0.97, 1.24) ¹

Birthweight z-score

1.06 (0.98, 1.16)

1.06 (0.98, 1.13) ²

0.95 (0.89, 1.00) ²

Breastfed < 1 month (reference: never)

1.06 (0.90, 1.25) ³

Breastfed 1month + (reference: never)

0.96 (0.83, 1.11) ³