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Table 2 Association of general characteristics with poor perceived health status in study participants

From: Association between depression and perceived health status in Korean adult women: a nationwide cross-sectional study

Variables

Crude OR

(95% CI)

Adjusted1 OR

(95% CI)

Age (years)

  

 19–29

1

1

 30–39

1.323 (1.134–1.542)***

1.389 (1.130–1.708)**

 40–49

1.450 (1.261–1.667)**

1.612 (1.313–1.979)***

 50–59

1.898 (1.637-2.200)***

1.730 (1.381–2.167)***

 60–69

2.340 (1.998–2.741)***

1.363 (1.060–1.753)*

 ≥ 70

2.902 (2.462–3.420)***

1.083 (0.821–1.428)

Residential area

  

 Urban

1

1

 Rural

1.513 (1.33–1.722)***

1.169 (1.030–1.326)*

Survey year

  

 2014

1

1

 2016

0.997 (0.864–1.150)

0.980 (0.853–1.125)

 2018

0.964 (0.838–1.109)

0.906 (0.789–1.040)

 2020

1.014 (0.879–1.171)

0.963 (0.828–1.121)

 2022

0.798 (0.684–0.932)**

0.749 (0.641–0.875)***

Household income

  

 Quartile 4

1

1

 Quartile 3

1.355 (1.218–1.509)***

1.246 (1.113–1.396)***

 Quartile 2

1.692 (1.512–1.895)***

1.389 (1.231–1.567)***

 Quartile 1

2.357 (2.056–2.702)***

1.435 (1.220–1.687)***

Education level

  

 ≥High school graduation

1

1

 < High school graduation

2.578 (2.337–2.845)***

1.765 (1.521–2.046)***

Occupation

  

 Non-manual worker

1

1

 Service and sales worker

1.339 (1.174–1.527)***

0.970 (0.842–1.119)

 Manual worker

1.919 (1.657–2.223)***

1.105 (0.937–1.304)

 None

1.527 (1.369–1.703)***

1.060 (0.941–1.194)

Marital status

  

 Living together

1

1

 Living alone

0.603 (0.54–0.672)***

1.052 (0.884–1.252)

Current smoking status

  

 Non-smoker

1

1

 Current smoker2

1.402 (1.222–1.609)***

1.321 (1.130–1.546)***

Alcohol consumption3

  

 Non-drinker

1

1

 Non-hazardous alcohol intake

0.828 (0.736–0.932)

0.904 (0.805–1.015)

 Hazardous alcohol intake

0.794 (0.635–0.992)

0.794 (0.633–1.005)

Physical activity

  

 Yes4

1

1

 No

1.342 (1.236–1.457)***

1.218 (1.116–1.329)***

Obesity

  

 Non-obese

1

1

 Obese5

1.418 (1.265–1.588)***

1.153 (1.014–1.311)*

Stress perception

  

 Low

1

1

 High

2.207 (1.986–2.451)***

2.174 (1.948–2.426)***

Chronic diseases6

  

 Hypertension

  

  No

1

1

  Yes

2.581 (2.305–2.890)***

1.527 (1.337–1.744)***

 Diabetes

  

  No

1

1

  Yes

3.896 (3.179–4.775)***

2.054 (1.643–2.568)***

 Dyslipidemia

  

  No

1

1

  Yes

2.483 (2.210–2.790)***

1.579 (1.378–1.810)***

  1. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9
  2. *P-value < 0.05; **P-value < 0.01; ***P-value < 0.001
  3. P-values were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis
  4. 1Adjusted for age, survey year, residential area, household income, education level, occupation, marital status, current smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, obesity, stress perception, PHQ-9 score, and chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia)
  5. 2Defined as meeting both of the following criteria: (1) having smoked more than five packs of cigarettes (100 cigarettes) over a lifetime, and (2) currently engaging in regular smoking
  6. 3Hazardous alcohol intake was defined as consuming an average number of ≥ 5 drinks two or more times a week, and individuals who drink alcohol but do not meet this criterion were classified as having non-hazardous alcohol intake
  7. 4Defined as they performed at least 150 min of moderate-intensity or 75 min of high-intensity physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of both
  8. 5Defined as a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2
  9. 6Diagnosed by a physician
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BMC Women's Health

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