Fig. 3

Comparison of gut microbial diversity and composition of participants with and without dysmenorrhea. (A) The pie chart displays the number and proportion of early- and late-stage endometriosis groups. Patients were further divided into dysmenorrhea positive and negative subgroups based on preoperative dysmenorrhea symptoms. In the group labels, “T” represents patients with dysmenorrhea, and “F” represents patients without dysmenorrhea. EMs represents endometriosis. (B) The bar plot shows top 10 most relatively abundant species across all microbial samples. (C-D) Figures C and D present microbial diversity analysis results between dysmenorrhea positive (Early-Stage-T) and negative (Early-Stage-F) subgroups within the early-stage endometriosis group. The line chart displays alpha diversity results within each subgroup at the levels of domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Data points represent mean Shannon index values for samples within each subgroup, and p-values show statistical significance of between-group comparisons by t-test. The scatter plot shows principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) results along the first and second axis. The box plot presents coordinate values along the first axis. (E-F) Figures E and F show microbial diversity analysis between dysmenorrhea positive (Late-Stage-T) and negative (Late-Stage-F) subgroups within the late-stage endometriosis group. The line chart displays alpha diversity results within each subgroup across taxonomic levels. Data points represent mean Shannon values. The scatter plot displays PCoA axis 1 and 2 results. The box plot presents coordinate values along the second axis