Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in this scoping review
From: Factors affecting domestic violence against women in Iran: a scoping review
Author/Authors (reference) | Year | Publication language | Province/city | Type of study | Sample size | Prevalence of DV | Different types of violence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bakhtiari A. et al. [16] | 2004 | Persian | Babol | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 508 married women referring to babol forensic medicine center (case group (183) and control group (325)) | 36% | - |
Balali meybodi F. et al. [17] | 2009 | Persian | Kerman | Cross-sectional | 400 married women | 46% | Psychological (78.6%), physical (55.6%), sexual (28.6%) and economic (34.7%) |
Derakhshanpour F. et al. [18] | 2014 | Persian | Bandar abbas | Cross-sectional (descriptive) | 500 women referred to bandar abbas shahid mohammadi hospital | 92% | Psychological (54%), verbal (31%), physical (24.8%) and sexual (6.8%) |
Fallah S. et al. [19] | 2016 | Persian | Kordkuy | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 273 married women whom referred to health centers in kordkuy city in golestan province | - | Psychological (49%), physical (32.8%) and sexual (33.7%) |
Farrokh islamlou H. et al. [20] | 2014 | Persian | Urmia | Case–control | 266 married women referred to urmia forensic medicine center (133 cases, 133 witnesses) | - | - |
Ismaili shahroudi moqaddam Z. et al. [21] | 2022 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 322 women referred to the forensic medicine unit of tehran city due to spousal abuse | 91.9% | Light physical (18.82%), Heavy physical (7.90%), Emotional (16.77%), Verbal (13.45%) and Sexual (8.30%) |
Khosravi F et al. [22] | 2008 | Persian | Sanandaj | Cross-sectional | 840 pregnant women referred to the maternity department of sanandaj hospitals | 60.5% | Emotional (57%), physical (8.5%) and Sexual (18.8%) |
Yarinasab F. et al. [23] | 2020 | Persian | Yasuj | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 206 women applying for divorce referred to the Forensic Medicine Organization of Boyer Ahmad | - | - |
Aghakhani N. et al. [24] | 2012 | Persian | Urmia | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 300 women referred to the forensic medicine unit of Urmia city due to violence | 89.3% | - |
Kargar Jahromi M. et al. [25] | 2016 | English | Jahrom | Cross-sectional | 988 married women aged 16 to 80 living in Jahrom | - | Physical (16.4%), emotional (44.4%) and sexual (18.6%) |
Mirzai R. et al. [26] | 2014 | Persian | Paveh | Cross-sectional descriptive analytical retrospective | 82 women who complained to the judicial authorities of Paveh city due to violence and filed a case there | - | Physical (46.34%), mental (53.66%) |
Heydari Nejad S. et al. [27] | 2019 | Persian | Ahwaz | Cross-sectional descriptive | 200 married women referring to Ahvaz judicial system due to violence against them by their husbands | - | - |
Raisi Sarteshnizi A. et al. [28] | 2002 | Persian | Shahrekord | Cross-sectional | 162 married couples (male and female) in Shahrekord | - | - |
Hassan M. et al. [29] | 2010 | Persian | Miandoab, Mahabad and Bonab | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 1,950 pregnant women referred to maternity hospitals in Miandoab, Mahabad and Bonab cities | Miandoab 78%, Mahabad 67.4% and Bonab 94.5% (total 79.94%) | - |
Sarayloo K. et al. [30] | 2017 | Persian | Minudasht | Cross-sectional descriptive | 300 pregnant women referred to the health centers of Minudasht city | 46% | Mental (35%), physical (7.8%) and sexual (2.3%) |
Tavassoli A. et al. [31] | 2019 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 270 married women referring to hospitals and vaccination centers in Tehran | 82.8% | Financial (29.66%), social (19.22%), mental (18.29%) and physical (13.43%) |
Hassan M. Et al [32] | 2013 | Persian | Mahabad and Miandoab | Cross-sectional | 1300 pregnant women aged 18 to 39 referred to Mahabad and Miandoab hospitals for abortion or childbirth | 72.7% | Mental (46%), physical (44.1%) and sexual (30.2%) |
Manzouri L. Et al [33] | 2023 | Persian | Yasuj | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 384 married women aged 18–49 with a husband with a history of at least one year of marriage with a household file in 4 urban health centers of Yasuj | 90% | Verbal (80%), emotional (73%), financial (48%) and physical (22%) |
Moazen B. et al. [34] | 2019 | English | Shiraz | Population-based survey | 430 women referring to health centers who were recently married or recently separated | 54.5% | Mental (52%), physical (18.2%), sexual (14%) |
Saffari M. et al. [35] | 2017 | English | Rasht, Kerman, Kermanshah, Zahedan, Qazvin, Tehran | Cross-sectional multicenter | 1600 women in six different regions of Iran | - | Emotional (64%), physical (28%) and sexual (18%) |
Ghazizadeh A. et al. [36] | 2005 | English | Sanandaj | Cross-sectional | 1000 married women | 38% | - |
Sheikhbardsiri H. et al. [37] | 2020 | English | Kerman | Cross-sectional | 400 working women in four teaching hospitals under the supervision of Kerman University of Medical Sciences | - | Psychological/verbal (58%), physical (29.25%) and sexual (10%) |
Ahmadi Gohari M. et al. [38] | 2023 | English | Kerman | Cross-sectional | 933 women of reproductive age who have been subjected to DV | 40% | Mental (60.9%), physical (34.7%) and sexual (37.7%) |
Rasoulian M. Et al [39] | 2014 | English | Tehran and Hashtgerd | Cross-sectional | 1000 married women aged 15 and above living in Tehran city (501) or Hashtgerd city (499) | 38.7% | - |
Nejatizade AA. et al. [40] | 2017 | English | Bandar abbas | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 725 women who gave birth in the summer and autumn of 2012 in shariati bandar abbas hospital | - | Physical (6.5%), sexual (14.8%) and mental (9.9%) |
Mohamadian F. et al. [41] | 2016 | English | Ilam | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 334 married women referring to health centers in Ilam | - | - |
Yari A. et al. [42] | 2021 | English | Sanandaj | Cross-sectional | 203 Iranian women with COVID-19 | 34.9% | Physical (26.6%), emotional (26.1%) and sexual (21.2%) |
Karimyan A. et al. [43] | 2022 | English | Abadan | Cross-sectional | 640 couples | 57% | Mental (57%) |
Ghiasi Z. et al. [44] | 2022 | English | Zahedan | Case–control | 195 women under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and a control group including 195 women not under it in Zahedan | Case group (67.2%), control group (78.5%) | Case group (psychological 93.3%, physical 74.4%, sexual 69.2%, economic 53.8%); control group (91.3% mental, 44.6% physical, 37.4% sexual, 31.8% economic) |
Ardabily HE. et al. [45] | 2011 | English | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 400 women suffering from primary infertility referred to Waliasr Reproductive Health Research Center in Tehran | 61.8% | Psychological (33.8%), physical (14%) and sexual (8%), reported injuries (6%) |
Vameghi R. et al. [46] | 2018 | English | Tehran | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 500 women referring to a number of medical centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran | 43.2% | Physical (16.4%), sexual (15%) and emotional-verbal (16.6%) |
Ahmadzad-Asl M. et al. [47] | 2016 | English | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 615 married women | - | Non-physical (77.2%) and physical (35.1%) |
Naghizadeh S. et al. [48] | 2021 | English | Tabriz | Cross-sectional | 250 pregnant women in gynecology clinic of 29 Bahman Tabriz Hospital | 35.2% | Emotional (32.8%), sexual (12.4%) and physical (4.8%) |
Zare Shahabadi A. et al. [49] | 2016 | Persian | Kohdasht | Cross-sectional | 194 married women of Kohdasht | 21.15% | Mental (29.28%), financial (14.68%), physical (13.29%) and sexual (13.22%) |
Nouhjah S. et al. [50] | 2011 | Persian | Khuzestan | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 1820 women aged 14–56 covered by health centers in 4 cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, Dezful and Andimshek | 47.3% | Psychological (41%) and sexual (10.9%) |
Sadeghi R. et al. [51] | 2017 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 405 married women under the age of 30 in different areas of Tehran | - | Verbal (44%), mental (37%), financial-economic (26%), physical (20%) and sexual (16%) |
Sabeti M. et al. [52] | 2014 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 300 single and married women who live with their families | - | - |
Shayan A. et al. [53] | 2015 | Persian | Shiraz | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 197 women suffering from spousal abuse were referred to Shiraz Forensic Medicine Center | 53.52% | Psychological (28.32%), physical (18.49%), sexual (3.59%) and economic (0.27%) |
Purghaz A. et al. [54] | 2005 | Persian | Golestan | Cross-sectional | 400 married women from 4 cities and 12 villages of Golestan province) | - | Verbal (46.25%), emotional (38.5%), financial (36.25%), physical (32.5%), social (27.25%)), sexual (24.5%) and spiritual cultural (20.5%) |
Kazemi Z. et al. [55] | 2022 | Persian | Karaj | Cross-sectional | 100 married women over 18 years old in Karaj | - | - |
Shamsi M. et al. [56] | 2012 | Persian | Arak | Cross-sectional (descriptive) | 400 pregnant women referring to health centers in Arak | 34.5% | Emotional (56%), verbal (48%), financial (23%) and physical (11%) |
Abdollahi F. et al. [57] | 2015 | Persian | Mazandaran | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 1500 pregnant women referring to health centers in Mazandaran province | - | Physical (10.8%), mental (69.7%) and sexual (14.1%) |
Hemmati R. et al. [58] | 2005 | Persian | Zanjan | Cross-sectional | 300 married women | 26% | - |
Bazazbanisi Z. et al. [59] | 2020 | English | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 549 women with infants up to 6Â months old during breastfeeding referring to the health care centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran | - | Physical (35.7%) |
Hasheminasab L. et al. [60] | 2007 | Persian | Sanandaj | Cross-sectional | 840 pregnant women who were hospitalized in Sanandaj city hospitals for termination of pregnancy due to childbirth or abortion - | - | Physical (8.5%) |
Bagrezaei P. Et al [61] | 2019 | Persian | Ilam | Descriptive-correlation | 400 married women aged 15–50 in Ilam | 72% | Emotional (80%), physical (68%), economic (77%) and social (62%) |
Torkashwand F. et al. [62] | 2013 | Persian | Rafsanjan | Cross-sectional | 540 women referred to 7 health and treatment centers in Rafsanjan | 50.9% | Physical (23.1%), verbal 38.1%), emotional (21.3%) and sexual (18.9%) |
Kordi R. et al. [63] | 2019 | Persian | Ahvaz | Cross-sectional | 310 women referred to Ahvaz forensic medicine | - | Physical (73.1%), mental-emotional (26.9%) |
Elahi N. et al. [64] | 2012 | Persian | Ahvaz | Cross-sectional | 368 married women aged 15 to 55 referring to Ahvaz health centers | 63% | Physical (43.4%), mental (58.8%), sexual (34.2%) and economic (12.2%) |
Latifi M. et al. [65] | 2014 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 224 married women visiting Tehran parks | 33.6% | - |
Shams-Esfandabad H. et al. [66] | 2004 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 1000 married women aged 18 to 45 referring to the family court in Tehran (normal group 800 women—problem with husband 200 women) | - | Mental (87.9%), physical (47.9%) |
Dortag-e-Raberi S. et al. [67] | 2010 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 370 pregnant women referring to health and dermatological centers in Tehran | 59.7% | - |
Razzaghi N. et al. [68] | 2010 | Persian | Sabzevar | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 396 married women referring to Sabzevar health centers | - | Mental (29.2%), sexual (28%), physical (10.8%) |
Manouchehri E. et al. [69] | 2022 | English | Mashhad | Cross-sectional | 275 married women with ms | - | Mental (53.1%), economic (63%), physical (33.6%) and sexual (20.4%) |
Rezaie-Chamani S. et al. [70] | 2023 | Persian | Gilan | Cross-sectional | 350 postmenopausal women | 48% | - |
Fakharzadeh L. et al. [71] | 2018 | Persian | Abadan | Cross-sectional (analytical) | 623 married women referring to health centers in Abadan | 72.3% | Psychological (71.7%), physical (17.8%), life threatening (8.3%) and sexual (1 7 percent) |
Sheikhan Z. et al. [72] | 2014 | English | Tehran | Cross-sectional (analytical) | 400 infertile women | 34.7% | Physical (5.3%), emotional (74.3%) and sexual (47.3%) |
Salari Z. et al. [73] | 2008 | English | Kerman | Cross-sectional | 416 pregnant women | - | Emotional (35%), physical (25%) |
Hajikhani Golchin NA. et al. [74] | 2014 | English | Gorgan | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 301 pregnant women aged 15 to 45 from Gorgan who visited the hospital for childbirth or abortion regardless of gestational age | - | Mental (34.56%), physical (28.24%) and sexual (3.65%) |
Nojomi M. et al. [75] | 2007 | English | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 1000 women aged 15 to 64 referred to three obstetrics and gynecology clinics affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran | 59% | Mental (19.6%) and physical (36.1%) |
Parhizkar A. et al. [76] | 2017 | Persian | Sanandaj | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 375 women who went to health care centers in Sanandaj city for the first visit after childbirth | 50% | Psychological (73.4%), physical (12.2%), economic (11.2%) and sexual (3.2%) |
Baghi V. et al. [77] | 2021 | Persian | Saqqez | Cross-sectional | 200 married women referring to health centers of Saqqez | - | Mental (67.8%), physical (61.4%), financial (61.7%) and sexual (61.3%) |
Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. et al. [78] | 2014 | English | Ahvaz | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 368 married women whose ages were between 15 and 50 years. 63.2 percent physical (34.3 percent), psychological (58.8 percent), sexual (34.2 percent), life-threatening violence (12.2 percent) | - | - |
Baheri B. et al. [79] | 2012 | Persian | Karaj | Cross-sectional (descriptive) | 168 pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcomes referring to Karaj treatment centers | - | Mental-verbal (50%), sexual (45.2%) and physical (16.7%) |
Bagherzadeh R. et al. [80] | 2008 | Persian | Shiraz | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 400 women gave birth and were hospitalized in the postpartum department of Zainbiya and Hafez hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences | - | - |
Sadrzadeh SM. et al. [81] | 2020 | Persian | Mashhad | Case–control | 23 pregnant women referred to the accident emergency room of Shahid Hasheminejad and Imam Reza (AS) hospitals in Mashhad with complaints of trauma caused by DV and 23 other pregnant patients due to trauma caused by other causes | - |  |
Noori A. et al. [82] | 2017 | Persian | Kalaleh | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 368 pregnant mothers in Kalaleh region, Golestan province | 78.84% | Emotional (49.18%), physical (21.20%) and sexual (14.40%) |
Khadivzadeh T. et al. [83] | 2011 | Persian | Mashhad | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 190 Iranian pregnant women referring to health centers and maternity hospitals in Mashhad | 82.9% before pregnancy and 64.1% during pregnancy | The most common type of violence during pregnancy is sexual violence (51.6%) and mental violence before pregnancy (67.6%) |
Sabrian M. et al. [84] | 2004 | Persian | Semnan | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 600 women referred to health centers in Semnan | - | Physical (17.5%), emotional-psychological (60.5%), financial (63%), verbal (40.5%) |
Behnam H. et al. [85] | 2008 | Persian | Mashhad | Cross-sectional | 290 women admitted to post-partum wards of educational hospitals in Mashhad | - | - |
Ali Kamali M. et al. [86] | 2015 | Persian | Zarand | Cross-sectional | 400 pregnant women referring to urban and rural healthcare centers in Zarand | - | - |
Keshavarz Mohammadian S. et al. [87] | 2022 | Persian | Guilan | Cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) | 1541 women gave birth | 71.3% | Emotional (69.5%), physical (32.2%) and sexual (15.1%) |
Motlagh ME. et al. [88] | 2017 | Persian | National | Cross-sectional | 2704 pregnant mothers | - | Physical (10.8%), mental (28%) |
Navidnia M. et al. [89] | 2018 | Persian | Shahrood | Cross-sectional | 120 married women referred to Shahrood judicial complex | - | - |
Shams Esfandabad H. et al. [90] | 2003 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 400 married women aged 18 to 40 living in Tehran | 81.71% | - |
Saif Rabiei AM. et al. [91] | 2002 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional (analytical) | 384 married women referring to six health centers covered by Tehran University | 41.7% | - |
Arjamand Siahpoush I. et al. [92] | 2010 | Persian | Ahvaz | Cross-sectional | 400 women and girls living in Ahvaz | - | - |
Tahir Khani S. et al. [93] | 2008 | Persian | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 811 women referred to the family health unit of health centers in Tehran | 88.3% | Physical (25.4%), emotional (87.3%) and sexual (39.1%) |
Gharacheh M [94] | 2023 | English | Tehran, Mashhad, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Ahvaz | Cross-sectional | 5317 married women who visited urban healthcare centers in five major cities of Iran | - | Psychological (66.7%), physical (44.8%), sexual (28.8%), and injury (24.5%) |
Saeedi M. et al. [95] | 2024 | Persian | Saveh | Cross-sectional (descriptive) | 423 married women referred to health centers in Saveh | 59.6% | Psychological (56.2%), Economic (20.1%), Physical (24.1%), Sexual (13.5%) |
Mahdavifar N. et al. [96] | 2024 | English | National | Cross-sectional | 240 married women (data collection was performed through virtual networks) | - | Sexual (15.4%), Social (56.3%), Financial (11.7%), Verbal (11.7), Emotional (40%), Psychological (17.1%) |