Table 1 Relationship between depression levels and participants’ sociodemographic, occupational, medical, and perinatal variables (N = 580)

Age (years) (mean ±. SD)

32.17 ± 7.57

32.05 ± 7.3

32.95 ± 8.63

31.53 ± 6.58

Children number (mean ± SD)

1.61 ± 1.87

1.68 ± 1.93

1.7 ± 1.93

1.28 ± 1.6

Nationality

Saudi

572 (98.6)

171 (100)

287 (98.6)

114 (96.6)

Non-Saudi

8 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

4 (1.4)

4 (3.4)

Educational level

High school or less

14 (2.4)

3 (1.8)

8 (2.7)

3 (2.5)

Bachelor’s degree

391 (67.4)

110 (64.3)

200 (68.7)

81 (68.6)

Higher education (Diploma, Master’s degree, PhD)

175 (30.2)

83 (28.5)

34 (28.8)

Marital status

Widowed

4 (0.7)

1 (0.6)

3 (1)

0 (0.0)

Single

160 (27.6)

45 (26.3)

73 (25.1)

42 (35.6)

Married

384 (66.2)

117 (68.4)

199 (68.4)

68 (57.6)

Divorced

32 (5.5)

8 (4.7)

16 (5.5)

8 (6.8)

Current occupation

Healthcare practitioners and technical

201 (34.7)

56 (32.7)

95 (32.6)

50 (42.4)

Protective and security

3 (0.5)

2 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.8)

Entertainment

3 (0.5)

1 (0.6)

1 (0.3)

1 (0.8

Legal

15 (2.6)

2 (1.2)

13 (4.5)

0 (0.0)

Architecture and engineering

3 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

2 (1.7)

Office and administrative

149 (25.7)

44 (25.7)

75 (25.8)

30 (25.4)

Retail services and related

8 (1.4)

6 (3.5)

3 (1)

4 (3.4)

Business and financial operations or real estate

10 (1.7)

1 (0.6)

8 (2.7)

1 (0.8)

Education, training and library

123 (21.2)

1 (0.6)

60 (20.6)

18 (15.3)

Computer, mathematical and science

25 (4.3)

45 (26.3)

12 (4.1)

7 (5.9)

Hospitality accommodations and food services

4 (0.7)

2 (1.2)

2 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

Art, designs, and fashion

5 (0.9)

2 (1.2)

3 (1)

0 (0.0)

Community and social

7 (1.2)

2 (1.2)

4 (1.4)

1 (0.8)

Building cleaning and maintenance

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

Other

23 (4)

7 (4.1)

13 (4.5)

3 (2.5)

Work sector

Public

386 (66.6)

109 (63.7)

196 (67.4)

81 (68.6)

Private

194 (33.4)

62 (36.3)

95 (32.6)

37 (31.4)

Work experience (years)

7.08 ± 6.48

6.84 ± 6.23

7.56 ± 7.07

62.4 ± 5.13

Monthly income (Saudi riyals)

< 6000

106 (18.3)

34 (19.9)

49 (16.8)

23 (19.5)

6000–10,000

185 (31.9)

65 (38)

88 (30.2)

32 (27.1)

11,000–20,000

189 (32.6)

43 (25.1)

101 (34.7)

45 (38.1)

21,000–30,000

71 (12.2)

22 (12.9)

35 (12)

14 (11.9)

> 30,000

29 (5)

7 (4.1)

18 (6.2)

4 (3.4)

Working hours per week

Part-time: 30–35 h

151 (26)

51 (29.8)

73 (25.1)

27 (22.9)

Full time: 40–45 h

363 (62.6)

103 (60.2)

181 (62.2)

79 (66.9)

Extra time: 50–55

49 (8.4)

10 (5.8)

29 (10)

10 (8.5)

Overtime: more than 60 h

17 (2.9)

7 (4.1)

8 (2.7)

2 (1.7)

Diagnosed chronic disease

No

491(84.7)

147 (86)

245 (84.2)

99 (83.9)

Yes

89 (15.3)

24 (14)

46 (15.8)

19 (16.1)

Diagnosed psychiatric disorder

No

494(85.2)

157(91.8)

244 (83.8)

93 (98.8)

Yes

86 (14.8)

14 (8.2)

47 (16.2)

25 (21.2)

If yes, specify:

Depression

62 (72)

11 (6.4)

32 (11)

19 (16.1)

Anxiety

61 (70.9)

10 (5.8)

32 (11)

19 (16.1)

Eating disorder

7 (8.1)

0 (0.0)

3 (1)

4 (3.4)

ADHD

1 (1.1)

0 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Borderline personality disorder

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.8)

Smoker

No

544 (93.8)

163(95.3)

276 (94.8)

105 (89)

Yes

36 (6.2)

8 (4.7)

15 (5.2)

13 (11)

Recreational drugs use

No

579 (99.8)

171 (100)

291 (100)

117 (99.2)

Yes

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.8)

Alcohol use

No

568 (97.9)

167(97.7)

290 (99.7)

111 (94.1)

Yes

12 (2.1)

4 (2.3)

1 (0.3)

7 (5.9)

History of pregnancy

No

253(43.6)

77 (45)

119 (40.9)

57 (48.3)

Yes

327(56.4)

94 (55)

172 (59.1)

61 (51.7)

Currently pregnant

No

501(86.4)

152 (88.9)

254 (87.3)

95 (80.5)

Yes

79 (13.6)

19 (11.1)

37 (12.7)

23 (19.5)

If yes, which trimester?

1st Trimester

25 (31.6)

6 (3.5)

9 (3.1)

10 (8.5)

2nd Trimester

29 (38.1)

7 (4.1)

15 (5.2)

7 (5.9)

3rd Trimester

24 (30.3)

4 (2.3)

14 (4.8)

6 (5.1)

Total number of pregnancies (mean ± SD)

2.64 ± 2.07

2.82 ± 2.18

2.8 ± 2.15

1.94 ± 1.5

Did you need to take a maternity leave?

No

97 (16.7)

39 (22.8)

39 (13.4)

19 (16.1)

Yes

284 (49)

75 (43.9)

155 (33.3)

54 (45.8)

If yes, did you need an additional leave?

No

99 (34.8)

30 (17.5)

54 (18.6)

15 (12.7)

Yes

184 (65.2)

44 (25.7)

101 (34.7)

40 (30.9)